Multi-Source Human-in-the-Loop Digital Twin Testbed for Connected and Autonomous Vehicles in Mixed Traffic Flow

In the emerging mixed traffic environments, Connected and Autonomous Vehicles (CAVs) have to interact with surrounding human-driven vehicles (HDVs). This paper introduces MSH-MCCT (Multi-Source Human-in-the-Loop Mixed Cloud Control Testbed), a novel CAV testbed that captures complex interactions between various CAVs and HDVs. Utilizing the Mixed Digital Twin concept, which combines Mixed Reality with Digital Twin, MSH-MCCT integrates physical, virtual, and mixed platforms, along with multi-source control inputs. Bridged by the mixed platform, MSH-MCCT allows human drivers and CAV algorithms to operate both physical and virtual vehicles within multiple fields of view. Particularly, this testbed facilitates the coexistence and real-time interaction of physical and virtual CAVs \& HDVs, significantly enhancing the experimental flexibility and scalability. Experiments on vehicle platooning in mixed traffic showcase the potential of MSH-MCCT to conduct CAV testing with multi-source real human drivers in the loop through driving simulators of diverse fidelity. The videos for the experiments are available at our project website:this https URL.