Beyond Formal Semantics for Capabilities and Skills: Model Context Protocol in Manufacturing

Explicit modeling of capabilities and skills -- whether based on ontologies, Asset Administration Shells, or other technologies -- requires considerable manual effort and often results in representations that are not easily accessible to Large Language Models (LLMs). In this work-in-progress paper, we present an alternative approach based on the recently introduced Model Context Protocol (MCP). MCP allows systems to expose functionality through a standardized interface that is directly consumable by LLM-based agents. We conduct a prototypical evaluation on a laboratory-scale manufacturing system, where resource functions are made available via MCP. A general-purpose LLM is then tasked with planning and executing a multi-step process, including constraint handling and the invocation of resource functions via MCP. The results indicate that such an approach can enable flexible industrial automation without relying on explicit semantic models. This work lays the basis for further exploration of external tool integration in LLM-driven production systems.

@article{silva2025_2506.11180,
  title={ Beyond Formal Semantics for Capabilities and Skills: Model Context Protocol in Manufacturing },
  author={ Luis Miguel Vieira da Silva and Aljosha Köcher and Felix Gehlhoff },
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2506.11180},
  year={ 2025 }
}