Out-of-Vocabulary Sampling Boosts Speculative Decoding

Speculative decoding relies on fast and accurate drafters. Recent state-of-the-art language models employ larger and larger vocabularies, which significantly slows down drafters. One promising approach to boost the efficiency of speculative decoding is to use drafters with smaller vocabularies. However, existing sampling methods cannot draw out-of-vocabulary tokens, creating a tradeoff between drafters' vocabulary size and acceptance rates. This paper introduces Redistributing Drafter Kernels (RDK), the first out-of-vocabulary sampler that effectively recovers acceptance rates by virtually restoring pruned target tokens. RDK leverages token-affinity priors to reallocate drafter mass towards high-overlap regions. We prove mathematically that RDK can achieve higher acceptance rates than vanilla and state-of-the-art samplers. We provide an efficient first-order approximation of RDK and prove that it reduces redistribution times from $O(N^2)$ to $O(N)$, enabling lightweight implementations for large vocabularies. Our experiments demonstrate that this linear-time RDK significantly boosts acceptance rates even after extreme pruning (removing more than 75% of the drafter's vocabulary), where existing samplers fail. RDK opens the door to extremely pruned drafters, which were previously impractical.

@article{timor2025_2506.03206,
  title={ Out-of-Vocabulary Sampling Boosts Speculative Decoding },
  author={ Nadav Timor and Jonathan Mamou and Oren Pereg and Hongyang Zhang and David Harel },
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2506.03206},
  year={ 2025 }
}