COSMIC: Generalized Refusal Direction Identification in LLM Activations

Large Language Models (LLMs) encode behaviors such as refusal within their activation space, yet identifying these behaviors remains a significant challenge. Existing methods often rely on predefined refusal templates detectable in output tokens or require manual analysis. We introduce \textbf{COSMIC} (Cosine Similarity Metrics for Inversion of Concepts), an automated framework for direction selection that identifies viable steering directions and target layers using cosine similarity - entirely independent of model outputs. COSMIC achieves steering performance comparable to prior methods without requiring assumptions about a model's refusal behavior, such as the presence of specific refusal tokens. It reliably identifies refusal directions in adversarial settings and weakly aligned models, and is capable of steering such models toward safer behavior with minimal increase in false refusals, demonstrating robustness across a wide range of alignment conditions.

@article{siu2025_2506.00085,
  title={ COSMIC: Generalized Refusal Direction Identification in LLM Activations },
  author={ Vincent Siu and Nicholas Crispino and Zihao Yu and Sam Pan and Zhun Wang and Yang Liu and Dawn Song and Chenguang Wang },
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2506.00085},
  year={ 2025 }
}