Causal-PIK: Causality-based Physical Reasoning with a Physics-Informed Kernel

Tasks that involve complex interactions between objects with unknown dynamics make planning before execution difficult. These tasks require agents to iteratively improve their actions after actively exploring causes and effects in the environment. For these type of tasks, we propose Causal-PIK, a method that leverages Bayesian optimization to reason about causal interactions via a Physics-Informed Kernel to help guide efficient search for the best next action. Experimental results on Virtual Tools and PHYRE physical reasoning benchmarks show that Causal-PIK outperforms state-of-the-art results, requiring fewer actions to reach the goal. We also compare Causal-PIK to human studies, including results from a new user study we conducted on the PHYRE benchmark. We find that Causal-PIK remains competitive on tasks that are very challenging, even for human problem-solvers.

@article{parés-morlans2025_2505.22861,
  title={ Causal-PIK: Causality-based Physical Reasoning with a Physics-Informed Kernel },
  author={ Carlota Parés-Morlans and Michelle Yi and Claire Chen and Sarah A. Wu and Rika Antonova and Tobias Gerstenberg and Jeannette Bohg },
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2505.22861},
  year={ 2025 }
}