EvidenceMoE: A Physics-Guided Mixture-of-Experts with Evidential Critics for Advancing Fluorescence Light Detection and Ranging in Scattering Media

Fluorescence LiDAR (FLiDAR), a Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) technology employed for distance and depth estimation across medical, automotive, and other fields, encounters significant computational challenges in scattering media. The complex nature of the acquired FLiDAR signal, particularly in such environments, makes isolating photon time-of-flight (related to target depth) and intrinsic fluorescence lifetime exceptionally difficult, thus limiting the effectiveness of current analytical and computational methodologies. To overcome this limitation, we present a Physics-Guided Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) framework tailored for specialized modeling of diverse temporal components. In contrast to the conventional MoE approaches our expert models are informed by underlying physics, such as the radiative transport equation governing photon propagation in scattering media. Central to our approach is EvidenceMoE, which integrates Evidence-Based Dirichlet Critics (EDCs). These critic models assess the reliability of each expert's output by providing per-expert quality scores and corrective feedback. A Decider Network then leverages this information to fuse expert predictions into a robust final estimate adaptively. We validate our method using realistically simulated Fluorescence LiDAR (FLiDAR) data for non-invasive cancer cell depth detection generated from photon transport models in tissue. Our framework demonstrates strong performance, achieving a normalized root mean squared error (NRMSE) of 0.030 for depth estimation and 0.074 for fluorescence lifetime.

@article{erbas2025_2505.21532,
  title={ EvidenceMoE: A Physics-Guided Mixture-of-Experts with Evidential Critics for Advancing Fluorescence Light Detection and Ranging in Scattering Media },
  author={ Ismail Erbas and Ferhat Demirkiran and Karthik Swaminathan and Naigang Wang and Navid Ibtehaj Nizam and Stefan T. Radev and Kaoutar El Maghraoui and Xavier Intes and Vikas Pandey },
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2505.21532},
  year={ 2025 }
}