A Hitchhiker's Guide to Privacy-Preserving Cryptocurrencies: A Survey on Anonymity, Confidentiality, and Auditability

Cryptocurrencies and central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) are reshaping the monetary landscape, offering transparency and efficiency while raising critical concerns about user privacy and regulatory compliance. This survey provides a comprehensive and technically grounded overview of privacy-preserving digital currencies, covering both cryptocurrencies and CBDCs. We propose a taxonomy of privacy goals -- including anonymity, confidentiality, unlinkability, and auditability -- and map them to underlying cryptographic primitives, protocol mechanisms, and system architectures. Unlike previous surveys, our work adopts a design-oriented perspective, linking high-level privacy objectives to concrete implementations. We also trace the evolution of privacy-preserving currencies through three generations, highlighting shifts from basic anonymity guarantees toward more nuanced privacy-accountability trade-offs. Finally, we identify open challenges at the intersection of cryptography, distributed systems, and policy definition, which motivate further investigation into the primitives and design of digital currencies that balance real-world privacy and auditability needs.

@article{nardelli2025_2505.21008,
  title={ A Hitchhiker's Guide to Privacy-Preserving Cryptocurrencies: A Survey on Anonymity, Confidentiality, and Auditability },
  author={ Matteo Nardelli and Francesco De Sclavis and Michela Iezzi },
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2505.21008},
  year={ 2025 }
}