BOTM: Echocardiography Segmentation via Bi-directional Optimal Token Matching

Existed echocardiography segmentation methods often suffer from anatomical inconsistency challenge caused by shape variation, partial observation and region ambiguity with similar intensity across 2D echocardiographic sequences, resulting in false positive segmentation with anatomical defeated structures in challenging low signal-to-noise ratio conditions. To provide a strong anatomical guarantee across different echocardiographic frames, we propose a novel segmentation framework named BOTM (Bi-directional Optimal Token Matching) that performs echocardiography segmentation and optimal anatomy transportation simultaneously. Given paired echocardiographic images, BOTM learns to match two sets of discrete image tokens by finding optimal correspondences from a novel anatomical transportation perspective. We further extend the token matching into a bi-directional cross-transport attention proxy to regulate the preserved anatomical consistency within the cardiac cyclic deformation in temporal domain. Extensive experimental results show that BOTM can generate stable and accurate segmentation outcomes (e.g. -1.917 HD on CAMUS2H LV, +1.9% Dice on TED), and provide a better matching interpretation with anatomical consistency guarantee.

@article{liu2025_2505.18052,
  title={ BOTM: Echocardiography Segmentation via Bi-directional Optimal Token Matching },
  author={ Zhihua Liu and Lei Tong and Xilin He and Che Liu and Rossella Arcucci and Chen Jin and Huiyu Zhou },
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2505.18052},
  year={ 2025 }
}