Quantifying uncertainty in spectral clusterings: expectations for perturbed and incomplete data

Spectral clustering is a popular unsupervised learning technique which is able to partition unlabelled data into disjoint clusters of distinct shapes. However, the data under consideration are often experimental data, implying that the data is subject to measurement errors and measurements may even be lost or invalid. These uncertainties in the corrupted input data induce corresponding uncertainties in the resulting clusters, and the clusterings thus become unreliable.Modelling the uncertainties as random processes, we discuss a mathematical framework based on random set theory for the computational Monte Carlo approximation of statistically expected clusterings in case of corrupted, i.e., perturbed, incomplete, and possibly even additional, data. We propose several computationally accessible quantities of interest and analyze their consistency in the infinite data point and infinite Monte Carlo sample limit. Numerical experiments are provided to illustrate and compare the proposed quantities.

@article{dölz2025_2505.17819,
  title={ Quantifying uncertainty in spectral clusterings: expectations for perturbed and incomplete data },
  author={ Jürgen Dölz and Jolanda Weygandt },
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2505.17819},
  year={ 2025 }
}