Lost in Benchmarks? Rethinking Large Language Model Benchmarking with Item Response Theory

The evaluation of large language models (LLMs) via benchmarks is widespread, yet inconsistencies between different leaderboards and poor separability among top models raise concerns about their ability to accurately reflect authentic model capabilities. This paper provides a critical analysis of benchmark effectiveness, examining main-stream prominent LLM benchmarks using results from diverse models. We first propose a new framework for accurate and reliable estimations of item characteristics and model abilities. Specifically, we propose Pseudo-Siamese Network for Item Response Theory (PSN-IRT), an enhanced Item Response Theory framework that incorporates a rich set of item parameters within an IRT-grounded architecture. Based on PSN-IRT, we conduct extensive analysis which reveals significant and varied shortcomings in the measurement quality of current benchmarks. Furthermore, we demonstrate that leveraging PSN-IRT is able to construct smaller benchmarks while maintaining stronger alignment with human preference.

@article{zhou2025_2505.15055,
  title={ Lost in Benchmarks? Rethinking Large Language Model Benchmarking with Item Response Theory },
  author={ Hongli Zhou and Hui Huang and Ziqing Zhao and Lvyuan Han and Huicheng Wang and Kehai Chen and Muyun Yang and Wei Bao and Jian Dong and Bing Xu and Conghui Zhu and Hailong Cao and Tiejun Zhao },
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2505.15055},
  year={ 2025 }
}