In-Context Learning Boosts Speech Recognition via Human-like Adaptation to Speakers and Language Varieties

Human listeners readily adjust to unfamiliar speakers and language varieties through exposure, but do these adaptation benefits extend to state-of-the-art spoken language models? We introduce a scalable framework that allows for in-context learning (ICL) in Phi-4 Multimodal using interleaved task prompts and audio-text pairs, and find that as few as 12 example utterances (~50 seconds) at inference time reduce word error rates by a relative 19.7% (1.2 pp.) on average across diverse English corpora. These improvements are most pronounced in low-resource varieties, when the context and target speaker match, and when more examples are provided--though scaling our procedure yields diminishing marginal returns to context length. Overall, we find that our novel ICL adaptation scheme (1) reveals a similar performance profile to human listeners, and (2) demonstrates consistent improvements to automatic speech recognition (ASR) robustness across diverse speakers and language backgrounds. While adaptation succeeds broadly, significant gaps remain for certain varieties, revealing where current models still fall short of human flexibility. We release our prompts and code on GitHub.

@article{roll2025_2505.14887,
  title={ In-Context Learning Boosts Speech Recognition via Human-like Adaptation to Speakers and Language Varieties },
  author={ Nathan Roll and Calbert Graham and Yuka Tatsumi and Kim Tien Nguyen and Meghan Sumner and Dan Jurafsky },
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2505.14887},
  year={ 2025 }
}