A Local Polyak-Lojasiewicz and Descent Lemma of Gradient Descent For Overparametrized Linear Models

Most prior work on the convergence of gradient descent (GD) for overparameterized neural networks relies on strong assumptions on the step size (infinitesimal), the hidden-layer width (infinite), or the initialization (large, spectral, balanced). Recent efforts to relax these assumptions focus on two-layer linear networks trained with the squared loss. In this work, we derive a linear convergence rate for training two-layer linear neural networks with GD for general losses and under relaxed assumptions on the step size, width, and initialization. A key challenge in deriving this result is that classical ingredients for deriving convergence rates for nonconvex problems, such as the Polyak-Łojasiewicz (PL) condition and Descent Lemma, do not hold globally for overparameterized neural networks. Here, we prove that these two conditions hold locally with local constants that depend on the weights. Then, we provide bounds on these local constants, which depend on the initialization of the weights, the current loss, and the global PL and smoothness constants of the non-overparameterized model. Based on these bounds, we derive a linear convergence rate for GD. Our convergence analysis not only improves upon prior results but also suggests a better choice for the step size, as verified through our numerical experiments.

@article{xu2025_2505.11664,
  title={ A Local Polyak-Lojasiewicz and Descent Lemma of Gradient Descent For Overparametrized Linear Models },
  author={ Ziqing Xu and Hancheng Min and Salma Tarmoun and Enrique Mallada and Rene Vidal },
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2505.11664},
  year={ 2025 }
}