The Stochastic Occupation Kernel (SOCK) Method for Learning Stochastic Differential Equations

We present a novel kernel-based method for learning multivariate stochastic differential equations (SDEs). The method follows a two-step procedure: we first estimate the drift term function, then the (matrix-valued) diffusion function given the drift. Occupation kernels are integral functionals on a reproducing kernel Hilbert space (RKHS) that aggregate information over a trajectory. Our approach leverages vector-valued occupation kernels for estimating the drift component of the stochastic process. For diffusion estimation, we extend this framework by introducing operator-valued occupation kernels, enabling the estimation of an auxiliary matrix-valued function as a positive semi-definite operator, from which we readily derive the diffusion estimate. This enables us to avoid common challenges in SDE learning, such as intractable likelihoods, by optimizing a reconstruction-error-based objective. We propose a simple learning procedure that retains strong predictive accuracy while using Fenchel duality to promote efficiency. We validate the method on simulated benchmarks and a real-world dataset of Amyloid imaging in healthy and Alzheimer's disease (AD) subjects.

@article{wells2025_2505.11622,
  title={ The Stochastic Occupation Kernel (SOCK) Method for Learning Stochastic Differential Equations },
  author={ Michael L. Wells and Kamel Lahouel and Bruno Jedynak },
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2505.11622},
  year={ 2025 }
}