Comparing Lexical and Semantic Vector Search Methods When Classifying Medical Documents

Classification is a common AI problem, and vector search is a typical solution. This transforms a given body of text into a numerical representation, known as an embedding, and modern improvements to vector search focus on optimising speed and predictive accuracy. This is often achieved through neural methods that aim to learn language semantics. However, our results suggest that these are not always the best solution. Our task was to classify rigidly-structured medical documents according to their content, and we found that using off-the-shelf semantic vector search produced slightly worse predictive accuracy than creating a bespoke lexical vector search model, and that it required significantly more time to execute. These findings suggest that traditional methods deserve to be contenders in the information retrieval toolkit, despite the prevalence and success of neural models.

@article{harris2025_2505.11582,
  title={ Comparing Lexical and Semantic Vector Search Methods When Classifying Medical Documents },
  author={ Lee Harris and Philippe De Wilde and James Bentham },
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2505.11582},
  year={ 2025 }
}