Proven Approximation Guarantees in Multi-Objective Optimization: SPEA2 Beats NSGA-II

Together with the NSGA-II and SMS-EMOA, the strength Pareto evolutionary algorithm 2 (SPEA2) is one of the most prominent dominance-based multi-objective evolutionary algorithms (MOEAs). Different from the NSGA-II, it does not employ the crowding distance (essentially the distance to neighboring solutions) to compare pairwise non-dominating solutions but a complex system of $\sigma$-distances that builds on the distances to all other solutions. In this work, we give a first mathematical proof showing that this more complex system of distances can be superior. More specifically, we prove that a simple steady-state SPEA2 can compute optimal approximations of the Pareto front of the OneMinMax benchmark in polynomial time. The best proven guarantee for a comparable variant of the NSGA-II only assures approximation ratios of roughly a factor of two, and both mathematical analyses and experiments indicate that optimal approximations are not found efficiently.

@article{alghouass2025_2505.01323,
  title={ Proven Approximation Guarantees in Multi-Objective Optimization: SPEA2 Beats NSGA-II },
  author={ Yasser Alghouass and Benjamin Doerr and Martin S. Krejca and Mohammed Lagmah },
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2505.01323},
  year={ 2025 }
}