Hybrid Deep Learning Model to Estimate Cognitive Effort from fNIRS Signals in Educational Game Playing

This study estimates cognitive effort (CE) based on functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) data and performance scores using a hybrid deep learning model. The estimation of CE enables educators to modify material to enhance learning effectiveness and student engagement. Relative neural efficiency (RNE) and relative neural involvement (RNI) are two metrics that have been used to represent CE. To estimate RNE and RNI we need hemodynamic response in the brain and the performance score of athis http URLcollected oxygenated hemoglobin ($\Delta \mathrm{HbO}$). Sixteen participants answered 16 questions in a unity-based educational game, each with a 30-second response time. We used deep learning models to predict the performance score and estimate RNE and RNI to understand CE. The study compares traditional machine learning techniques with deep learning models such as CNN, LSTM, BiLSTM, and a hybrid CNN-GRU to determine which approach provides better accuracy in predicting performance scores. The result shows that the hybrid CNN-GRU gives better performance with 78.36\% training accuracy and 73.08\% test accuracy than other models. We performed XGBoost on the extracted GRU feature and got the highest accuracy (69.23\%). This suggests that the features learned from this hybrid model generalize better even in traditional machine learning algorithms. We used the $\Delta \mathrm{HbO}$ and predicted score to calculate RNE and RNI to observe cognitive effort in our four test cases. Our result shows that even with moderate accuracy, the predicted RNE and RNI closely follows the actual trends. we also observed that when participants were in a state of high CE, introducing rest led decrease of CE. These findings can be helpful to design and improve learning environments and provide valuable insights in learning materials.

@article{sharmin2025_2504.13883,
  title={ Hybrid Deep Learning Model to Estimate Cognitive Effort from fNIRS Signals in Educational Game Playing },
  author={ Shayla Sharmin and Roghayeh Leila Barmaki },
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2504.13883},
  year={ 2025 }
}