Semantic Depth Matters: Explaining Errors of Deep Vision Networks through Perceived Class Similarities

Understanding deep neural network (DNN) behavior requires more than evaluating classification accuracy alone; analyzing errors and their predictability is equally crucial. Current evaluation methodologies lack transparency, particularly in explaining the underlying causes of network misclassifications. To address this, we introduce a novel framework that investigates the relationship between the semantic hierarchy depth perceived by a network and its real-data misclassification patterns. Central to our framework is the Similarity Depth (SD) metric, which quantifies the semantic hierarchy depth perceived by a network along with a method of evaluation of how closely the network's errors align with its internally perceived similarity structure. We also propose a graph-based visualization of model semantic relationships and misperceptions. A key advantage of our approach is that leveraging class templates -- representations derived from classifier layer weights -- is applicable to already trained networks without requiring additional data or experiments. Our approach reveals that deep vision networks encode specific semantic hierarchies and that high semantic depth improves the compliance between perceived class similarities and actual errors.

@article{filus2025_2504.09956,
  title={ Semantic Depth Matters: Explaining Errors of Deep Vision Networks through Perceived Class Similarities },
  author={ Katarzyna Filus and Michał Romaszewski and Mateusz Żarski },
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2504.09956},
  year={ 2025 }
}