NoTeS-Bank: Benchmarking Neural Transcription and Search for Scientific Notes Understanding

Understanding and reasoning over academic handwritten notes remains a challenge in document AI, particularly for mathematical equations, diagrams, and scientific notations. Existing visual question answering (VQA) benchmarks focus on printed or structured handwritten text, limiting generalization to real-world note-taking. To address this, we introduce NoTeS-Bank, an evaluation benchmark for Neural Transcription and Search in note-based question answering. NoTeS-Bank comprises complex notes across multiple domains, requiring models to process unstructured and multimodal content. The benchmark defines two tasks: (1) Evidence-Based VQA, where models retrieve localized answers with bounding-box evidence, and (2) Open-Domain VQA, where models classify the domain before retrieving relevant documents and answers. Unlike classical Document VQA datasets relying on optical character recognition (OCR) and structured data, NoTeS-BANK demands vision-language fusion, retrieval, and multimodal reasoning. We benchmark state-of-the-art Vision-Language Models (VLMs) and retrieval frameworks, exposing structured transcription and reasoning limitations. NoTeS-Bank provides a rigorous evaluation with NDCG@5, MRR, Recall@K, IoU, and ANLS, establishing a new standard for visual document understanding and reasoning.

@article{pal2025_2504.09249,
  title={ NoTeS-Bank: Benchmarking Neural Transcription and Search for Scientific Notes Understanding },
  author={ Aniket Pal and Sanket Biswas and Alloy Das and Ayush Lodh and Priyanka Banerjee and Soumitri Chattopadhyay and Dimosthenis Karatzas and Josep Llados and C.V. Jawahar },
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2504.09249},
  year={ 2025 }
}