Friend or Foe? Navigating and Re-configuring "Snipers' Alley"

In a 'digital by default' society, essential services must be accessed online. This opens users to digital deception not only from criminal fraudsters but from a range of actors in a marketised digital economy. Using grounded empirical research from northern England, we show how supposedly 'trusted' actors, such as governments,(re)produce the insecurities and harms that they seek to prevent. Enhanced by a weakening of social institutions amid a drive for efficiency and scale, this has built a constricted, unpredictable digital channel. We conceptualise this as a "snipers' alley". Four key snipers articulated by participants' lived experiences are examined: 1) Governments; 2) Business; 3) Criminal Fraudsters; and 4) Friends and Family to explore how snipers are differentially experienced and transfigure through this constricted digital channel. We discuss strategies to re-configure the alley, and how crafting and adopting opportunity models can enable more equitable forms of security for all.

@article{dwyer2025_2503.16992,
  title={ Friend or Foe? Navigating and Re-configuring "Snipers' Alley" },
  author={ Andrew C Dwyer and Lizzie Coles-Kemp and Clara Crivellaro and Claude P R Heath },
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2503.16992},
  year={ 2025 }
}