Annotating and Inferring Compositional Structures in Numeral Systems Across Languages

Numeral systems across the world's languages vary in fascinating ways, both regarding their synchronic structure and the diachronic processes that determined how they evolved in their current shape. For a proper comparison of numeral systems across different languages, however, it is important to code them in a standardized form that allows for the comparison of basic properties. Here, we present a simple but effective coding scheme for numeral annotation, along with a workflow that helps to code numeral systems in a computer-assisted manner, providing sample data for numerals from 1 to 40 in 25 typologically diverse languages. We perform a thorough analysis of the sample, focusing on the systematic comparison between the underlying and the surface morphological structure. We further experiment with automated models for morpheme segmentation, where we find allomorphy as the major reason for segmentation errors. Finally, we show that subword tokenization algorithms are not viable for discovering morphemes in low-resource scenarios.

@article{rubehn2025_2503.01625,
  title={ Annotating and Inferring Compositional Structures in Numeral Systems Across Languages },
  author={ Arne Rubehn and Christoph Rzymski and Luca Ciucci and Kellen Parker van Dam and Alžběta Kučerová and Katja Bocklage and David Snee and Abishek Stephen and Johann-Mattis List },
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2503.01625},
  year={ 2025 }
}