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TRUSWorthy: Toward Clinically Applicable Deep Learning for Confident Detection of Prostate Cancer in Micro-Ultrasound

20 February 2025
Mohamed Harmanani
P. Wilson
Minh Nguyen Nhat To
Mahdi Gilany
A. Jamzad
Fahimeh Fooladgar
Brian Wodlinger
Purang Abolmaesumi
P. Mousavi
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Abstract

While deep learning methods have shown great promise in improving the effectiveness of prostate cancer (PCa) diagnosis by detecting suspicious lesions from trans-rectal ultrasound (TRUS), they must overcome multiple simultaneous challenges. There is high heterogeneity in tissue appearance, significant class imbalance in favor of benign examples, and scarcity in the number and quality of ground truth annotations available to train models. Failure to address even a single one of these problems can result in unacceptable clinicalthis http URLpropose TRUSWorthy, a carefully designed, tuned, and integrated system for reliable PCa detection. Our pipeline integrates self-supervised learning, multiple-instance learning aggregation using transformers, random-undersampled boosting and ensembling: these address label scarcity, weak labels, class imbalance, and overconfidence, respectively. We train and rigorously evaluate our method using a large, multi-center dataset of micro-ultrasound data. Our method outperforms previous state-of-the-art deep learning methods in terms of accuracy and uncertainty calibration, with AUROC and balanced accuracy scores of 79.9% and 71.5%, respectively. On the top 20% of predictions with the highest confidence, we can achieve a balanced accuracy of up to 91%. The success of TRUSWorthy demonstrates the potential of integrated deep learning solutions to meet clinical needs in a highly challenging deployment setting, and is a significant step towards creating a trustworthy system for computer-assisted PCa diagnosis.

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@article{harmanani2025_2502.14707,
  title={ TRUSWorthy: Toward Clinically Applicable Deep Learning for Confident Detection of Prostate Cancer in Micro-Ultrasound },
  author={ Mohamed Harmanani and Paul F.R. Wilson and Minh Nguyen Nhat To and Mahdi Gilany and Amoon Jamzad and Fahimeh Fooladgar and Brian Wodlinger and Purang Abolmaesumi and Parvin Mousavi },
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2502.14707},
  year={ 2025 }
}
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