Distillation Scaling Laws

We provide a distillation scaling law that estimates distilled model performance based on a compute budget and its allocation between the student and teacher. Our findings reduce the risks associated with using distillation at scale; compute allocation for both the teacher and student models can now be done to maximize student performance. We provide compute optimal distillation recipes for when 1) a teacher exists, or 2) a teacher needs training. If many students are to be distilled, or a teacher already exists, distillation outperforms supervised pretraining until a compute level which grows predictably with student size. If one student is to be distilled and a teacher also needs training, supervised learning should be done instead. Additionally, we provide insights across our large scale study of distillation, which increase our understanding of distillation and inform experimental design.

@article{busbridge2025_2502.08606,
  title={ Distillation Scaling Laws },
  author={ Dan Busbridge and Amitis Shidani and Floris Weers and Jason Ramapuram and Etai Littwin and Russ Webb },
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2502.08606},
  year={ 2025 }
}