With more autonomous vehicles (AVs) sharing roadways with human-driven vehicles (HVs), ensuring safe and courteous maneuvers that respect HVs' behavior becomes increasingly important. To promote both safety and courtesy in AV's behavior, an extension of Control Barrier Functions (CBFs)-inspired risk evaluation framework is proposed in this paper by considering both noisy observed positions and velocities of surrounding vehicles. The perceived risk by the ego vehicle can be visualized as a risk map that reflects the understanding of the surrounding environment and thus shows the potential for facilitating safe and courteous driving. By incorporating the risk evaluation framework into the Model Predictive Control (MPC) scheme, we propose a Courteous MPC for ego AV to generate courteous behaviors that 1) reduce the overall risk imposed on other vehicles and 2) respect the hard safety constraints and the original objective for efficiency. We demonstrate the performance of the proposed Courteous MPC via theoretical analysis and simulation experiments.
View on arXiv@article{zhang2025_2408.12822,
title={ Courteous MPC for Autonomous Driving with CBF-inspired Risk Assessment },
author={ Yanze Zhang and Yiwei Lyu and Sude E. Demir and Xingyu Zhou and Yupeng Yang and Junmin Wang and Wenhao Luo },
journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2408.12822},
year={ 2025 }
}