Diagnosis of hematological malignancies depends on accurate identification of white blood cells in peripheral blood smears. Deep learning techniques are emerging as a viable solution to scale and optimize this process by automatic identification of cells in laboratories. However, these techniques face several challenges such as limited generalizability, sensitivity to domain shifts and lack of explainability. Here, we are introducing a novel approach based on neural cellular automata (NCA) for white blood cell classification. We test our approach on three datasets of white blood cell images and show that we achieve competitive performance compared to conventional methods. Our NCA-based method is significantly smaller in terms of parameters and exhibits robustness to domain shifts. Furthermore, the architecture is inherently explainable, providing insights into the decision process for each classification, helping experts understand and validate model predictions. Results demonstrate that NCA not only can be used for image classification, but also address key challenges of conventional methods, indicating a high potential for applicability in clinical practice.
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