ResearchTrend.AI
  • Papers
  • Communities
  • Events
  • Blog
  • Pricing
Papers
Communities
Social Events
Terms and Conditions
Pricing
Parameter LabParameter LabTwitterGitHubLinkedInBlueskyYoutube

© 2025 ResearchTrend.AI, All rights reserved.

  1. Home
  2. Papers
  3. 2312.09125
49
1

Puppy: A Publicly Verifiable Watermarking Protocol

14 December 2023
Devris Isler
Seoyeon Hwang
Yoshimichi Nakatsuka
Nikolaos Laoutaris
Gene Tsudik
ArXiv (abs)PDFHTML
Abstract

In this paper, we propose Puppy, the first formally defined framework for converting any symmetric watermarking into a publicly verifiable one. Puppy allows anyone to verify a watermark any number of times with the help of an untrusted third party, without requiring owner presence during detection. We formally define and prove security of Puppy using the ideal/real-world simulation paradigm and construct two practical and secure instances: (1) Puppy-TEE that uses Trusted Execution Environments (TEEs), and (2) Puppy-2PC that relies on two-party computation (2PC) based on garbled circuits. We then convert four current symmetric watermarking schemes into publicly verifiable ones and run extensive experiments using Puppy-TEE and Puppy-2PC. Evaluation results show that, while Puppy-TEE incurs some overhead, its total latency is on the order of milliseconds for three out of four watermarking schemes. Although the overhead of Puppy-2PC is higher (on the order of seconds), it is viable for settings that lack a TEE or where strong trust assumptions about a TEE need to be avoided. We further optimize the solution to increase its scalability and resilience to denial of service attacks via memoization.

View on arXiv
Comments on this paper