Online federated learning (OFL) and online transfer learning (OTL) are two collaborative paradigms for overcoming modern machine learning challenges such as data silos, streaming data, and data security. This survey explored OFL and OTL throughout their major evolutionary routes to enhance understanding of online federated and transfer learning. Besides, practical aspects of popular datasets and cutting-edge applications for online federated and transfer learning are highlighted in this work. Furthermore, this survey provides insight into potential future research areas and aims to serve as a resource for professionals developing online federated and transfer learning frameworks.
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