Annual luminance maps provide meaningful evaluations for occupants' visual comfort, preferences, and perception. However, acquiring long-term luminance maps require labor-intensive and time-consuming simulations or impracticable long-term field measurements. This paper presents a novel data-driven machine learning approach that makes annual luminance-based evaluations more efficient and accessible. The methodology is based on predicting the annual luminance maps from a limited number of point-in-time high dynamic range imagery by utilizing a deep neural network (DNN). Panoramic views are utilized, as they can be post-processed to study multiple view directions. The proposed DNN model can faithfully predict high-quality annual panoramic luminance maps from one of the three options within 30 minutes training time: a) point-in-time luminance imagery spanning 5% of the year, when evenly distributed during daylight hours, b) one-month hourly imagery generated or collected continuously during daylight hours around the equinoxes (8% of the year); or c) 9 days of hourly data collected around the spring equinox, summer and winter solstices (2.5% of the year) all suffice to predict the luminance maps for the rest of the year. The DNN predicted high-quality panoramas are validated against Radiance (RPICT) renderings using a series of quantitative and qualitative metrics. The most efficient predictions are achieved with 9 days of hourly data collected around the spring equinox, summer and winter solstices. The results clearly show that practitioners and researchers can efficiently incorporate long-term luminance-based metrics over multiple view directions into the design and research processes using the proposed DNN workflow.
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